“Students of financial markets have developed the efficient-market hypothesis (EMH). Developed by Eugene Fama of the University of Chicago, the hypothesis claims that financial markets are “informational efficient.” In effect this proposes that information on
stocks, bonds, commodities, property, and other traded assets are well enough understood that the prices of the traded items result from full knowledge.”
“The EMH is similar to assumptions of classical economics that said that an economy had
perfect mobility of labor, capital, information, and other market affecting factors. These assumptions were rather gratuitous and not completely realistic.”
“Another assumption of the EMH is that it is impossible to outperform the market with knowledge that the market already has. News affects financial prices. It is unknowable and acting without it is like acting with the expectation that luck will provide the answers. The rise of news sources in the 1700s accompanied the development of the Industrial Revolution. News of ships affected insurance rates; news of weather, wars, and world problems affected prices.”
“The individual who possessed advanced knowledge could beat the market in some instances. The case of Nathan Rothschild trading on news of the outcome of the Battle of Waterloo is a classic case of trading on knowledge before others get the news.”
“Markets may be general or specialized. Trading in general markets includes all manner of securities. Trading in specialized markets is limited to only one or a few commodities or
securities. When markets are made they create a “space” for people to engage in exchange.”
“The market may have only a few traders or a great many bidding for the values being traded. Free markets allow individuals to trade with few or no restrictions. Command economies seek to dictate the course of the trading or its outcome. Many of the financial markets today are the product of mixed economies. That is, they are free markets that are regulated and in many instances directed. In such cases the market, instead of being the aggregate of possible buyers and sellers who are trading something, includes government directions for political, moral, or social purposes, which, however nobly justified, distort the market.”
“If financial markets did not exist it would be very difficult for many projects to be financed. If the project is a school or something that is of social importance but will not directly generate income it still takes money to pay for the school or project. Financing a project on a “pay-as-you-go” basis can be seen in some countries where even short-term loans are rare, so people save, build, save some more and then build some more rather
than using a financial market to pay for a project. Banks are key institutions in the financial markets.”
“They use the deposits of their depositors when pooled together as capital for lending. The loans, mortgages, and other financing activities performed by banks are the basis of the modern financial system. However, financing often requires more assets than a single bank has to lend. The use of a stock exchange or syndicated borrowing allows banks to
participate but to not have excessive exposure to default risks because they
are able to syndicate the financing.”…”
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